diff --git a/backend/cmd/server/main.go b/backend/cmd/server/main.go
index 162e5c6..d3e407b 100644
--- a/backend/cmd/server/main.go
+++ b/backend/cmd/server/main.go
@@ -10,177 +10,51 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/config"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/cuisine"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/database"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/diary"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/dish"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/gemini"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/home"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/ingredient"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/menu"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/middleware"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/units"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/pexels"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/product"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recipe"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recognition"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recommendation"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/savedrecipe"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/server"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/tag"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/user"
 )
 
-// jwtAdapter adapts auth.JWTManager to middleware.AccessTokenValidator.
-type jwtAdapter struct {
-	jm *auth.JWTManager
-}
-
-func (a *jwtAdapter) ValidateAccessToken(tokenStr string) (*middleware.TokenClaims, error) {
-	claims, err := a.jm.ValidateAccessToken(tokenStr)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return &middleware.TokenClaims{
-		UserID: claims.UserID,
-		Plan:   claims.Plan,
-	}, nil
-}
-
 func main() {
 	logger := slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(os.Stdout, &slog.HandlerOptions{
 		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
 	}))
 	slog.SetDefault(logger)
 
-	if err := run(); err != nil {
-		slog.Error("fatal error", "err", err)
+	if runError := run(); runError != nil {
+		slog.Error("fatal error", "err", runError)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 }
 
 func run() error {
-	cfg, err := config.Load()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("load config: %w", err)
+	appConfig, configError := config.Load()
+	if configError != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("load config: %w", configError)
 	}
 
-	ctx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
+	applicationContext, stop := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
 	defer stop()
 
-	pool, err := database.NewPool(ctx, cfg.DatabaseURL)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("connect to database: %w", err)
+	pool, poolError := database.NewPool(applicationContext, appConfig.DatabaseURL)
+	if poolError != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("connect to database: %w", poolError)
 	}
 	defer pool.Close()
 	slog.Info("connected to database")
 
-	if err := locale.LoadFromDB(ctx, pool); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("load languages: %w", err)
+	if loadError := locale.LoadFromDB(applicationContext, pool); loadError != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("load languages: %w", loadError)
 	}
 	slog.Info("languages loaded", "count", len(locale.Languages))
 
-	if err := units.LoadFromDB(ctx, pool); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("load units: %w", err)
-	}
-	slog.Info("units loaded", "count", len(units.Records))
-
-	if err := cuisine.LoadFromDB(ctx, pool); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("load cuisines: %w", err)
-	}
-	slog.Info("cuisines loaded", "count", len(cuisine.Records))
-
-	if err := tag.LoadFromDB(ctx, pool); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("load tags: %w", err)
-	}
-	slog.Info("tags loaded", "count", len(tag.Records))
-
-	// Firebase auth
-	firebaseAuth, err := auth.NewFirebaseAuthOrNoop(cfg.FirebaseCredentialsFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("init firebase auth: %w", err)
+	router, initError := initRouter(appConfig, pool)
+	if initError != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("init router: %w", initError)
 	}
 
-	// JWT manager
-	jwtManager := auth.NewJWTManager(cfg.JWTSecret, cfg.JWTAccessDuration, cfg.JWTRefreshDuration)
-
-	// User domain
-	userRepo := user.NewRepository(pool)
-	userService := user.NewService(userRepo)
-	userHandler := user.NewHandler(userService)
-
-	// Auth domain
-	authService := auth.NewService(firebaseAuth, userRepo, jwtManager)
-	authHandler := auth.NewHandler(authService)
-
-	// Auth middleware
-	authMW := middleware.Auth(&jwtAdapter{jm: jwtManager})
-
-	// External API clients
-	geminiClient := gemini.NewClient(cfg.OpenAIAPIKey)
-	pexelsClient := pexels.NewClient(cfg.PexelsAPIKey)
-
-	// Ingredient domain
-	ingredientRepo := ingredient.NewRepository(pool)
-	ingredientHandler := ingredient.NewHandler(ingredientRepo)
-
-	// Product domain
-	productRepo := product.NewRepository(pool)
-	productHandler := product.NewHandler(productRepo)
-
-	// Recognition domain
-	recognitionHandler := recognition.NewHandler(geminiClient, ingredientRepo)
-
-	// Recommendation domain
-	recommendationHandler := recommendation.NewHandler(geminiClient, pexelsClient, userRepo, productRepo)
-
-	// Dish domain
-	dishRepo := dish.NewRepository(pool)
-	dishHandler := dish.NewHandler(dishRepo)
-
-	// Recipe domain
-	recipeRepo := recipe.NewRepository(pool)
-	recipeHandler := recipe.NewHandler(recipeRepo)
-
-	// Saved recipes domain
-	savedRecipeRepo := savedrecipe.NewRepository(pool, dishRepo)
-	savedRecipeHandler := savedrecipe.NewHandler(savedRecipeRepo)
-
-	// Menu domain
-	menuRepo := menu.NewRepository(pool)
-	menuHandler := menu.NewHandler(menuRepo, geminiClient, pexelsClient, userRepo, productRepo, dishRepo)
-
-	// Diary domain
-	diaryRepo := diary.NewRepository(pool)
-	diaryHandler := diary.NewHandler(diaryRepo)
-
-	// Home domain
-	homeHandler := home.NewHandler(pool)
-
-	// Router
-	router := server.NewRouter(
-		pool,
-		authHandler,
-		userHandler,
-		recommendationHandler,
-		savedRecipeHandler,
-		ingredientHandler,
-		productHandler,
-		recognitionHandler,
-		menuHandler,
-		diaryHandler,
-		homeHandler,
-		dishHandler,
-		recipeHandler,
-		authMW,
-		cfg.AllowedOrigins,
-	)
-
-	srv := &http.Server{
-		Addr:         fmt.Sprintf(":%d", cfg.Port),
+	httpServer := &http.Server{
+		Addr:         fmt.Sprintf(":%d", appConfig.Port),
 		Handler:      router,
 		ReadTimeout:  10 * time.Second,
 		WriteTimeout: 120 * time.Second, // menu generation can take ~60s
@@ -188,17 +62,17 @@ func run() error {
 	}
 
 	go func() {
-		slog.Info("server starting", "port", cfg.Port)
-		if err := srv.ListenAndServe(); err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
-			slog.Error("server error", "err", err)
+		slog.Info("server starting", "port", appConfig.Port)
+		if serverError := httpServer.ListenAndServe(); serverError != nil && serverError != http.ErrServerClosed {
+			slog.Error("server error", "err", serverError)
 		}
 	}()
 
-	<-ctx.Done()
+	<-applicationContext.Done()
 	slog.Info("shutting down...")
 
-	shutdownCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	shutdownContext, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	return srv.Shutdown(shutdownCtx)
+	return httpServer.Shutdown(shutdownContext)
 }
diff --git a/backend/cmd/server/providers.go b/backend/cmd/server/providers.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b8b7b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/cmd/server/providers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/auth"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/config"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/diary"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/dish"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/gemini"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/home"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/ingredient"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/menu"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/middleware"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/pexels"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/product"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recipe"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recognition"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recommendation"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/savedrecipe"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/cuisine"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/server"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/tag"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/units"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/user"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
+)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Newtypes for config primitives — prevents Wire type collisions.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Newtypes for list handlers — prevents Wire type collisions on http.HandlerFunc.
+type unitsListHandler   http.HandlerFunc
+type cuisineListHandler http.HandlerFunc
+type tagListHandler     http.HandlerFunc
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type geminiAPIKey       string
+type pexelsAPIKey       string
+type jwtSecret          string
+type jwtAccessDuration  time.Duration
+type jwtRefreshDuration time.Duration
+type allowedOrigins     []string
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Config extractors
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func newGeminiAPIKey(appConfig *config.Config) geminiAPIKey {
+	return geminiAPIKey(appConfig.OpenAIAPIKey)
+}
+
+func newPexelsAPIKey(appConfig *config.Config) pexelsAPIKey {
+	return pexelsAPIKey(appConfig.PexelsAPIKey)
+}
+
+func newJWTSecret(appConfig *config.Config) jwtSecret {
+	return jwtSecret(appConfig.JWTSecret)
+}
+
+func newJWTAccessDuration(appConfig *config.Config) jwtAccessDuration {
+	return jwtAccessDuration(appConfig.JWTAccessDuration)
+}
+
+func newJWTRefreshDuration(appConfig *config.Config) jwtRefreshDuration {
+	return jwtRefreshDuration(appConfig.JWTRefreshDuration)
+}
+
+func newAllowedOrigins(appConfig *config.Config) allowedOrigins {
+	return allowedOrigins(appConfig.AllowedOrigins)
+}
+
+// newFirebaseCredentialsFile is the only string that reaches NewFirebaseAuthOrNoop,
+// so no newtype is needed here.
+func newFirebaseCredentialsFile(appConfig *config.Config) string {
+	return appConfig.FirebaseCredentialsFile
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Constructor wrappers for functions that accept primitive newtypes
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func newGeminiClient(key geminiAPIKey) *gemini.Client {
+	return gemini.NewClient(string(key))
+}
+
+func newPexelsClient(key pexelsAPIKey) *pexels.Client {
+	return pexels.NewClient(string(key))
+}
+
+func newJWTManager(
+	secret jwtSecret,
+	accessDuration jwtAccessDuration,
+	refreshDuration jwtRefreshDuration,
+) *auth.JWTManager {
+	return auth.NewJWTManager(string(secret), time.Duration(accessDuration), time.Duration(refreshDuration))
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// List handler providers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func newUnitsListHandler(pool *pgxpool.Pool) unitsListHandler {
+	return unitsListHandler(units.NewListHandler(pool))
+}
+
+func newCuisineListHandler(pool *pgxpool.Pool) cuisineListHandler {
+	return cuisineListHandler(cuisine.NewListHandler(pool))
+}
+
+func newTagListHandler(pool *pgxpool.Pool) tagListHandler {
+	return tagListHandler(tag.NewListHandler(pool))
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// newRouter wraps server.NewRouter to accept newtypes.
+func newRouter(
+	pool *pgxpool.Pool,
+	authHandler *auth.Handler,
+	userHandler *user.Handler,
+	recommendationHandler *recommendation.Handler,
+	savedRecipeHandler *savedrecipe.Handler,
+	ingredientHandler *ingredient.Handler,
+	productHandler *product.Handler,
+	recognitionHandler *recognition.Handler,
+	menuHandler *menu.Handler,
+	diaryHandler *diary.Handler,
+	homeHandler *home.Handler,
+	dishHandler *dish.Handler,
+	recipeHandler *recipe.Handler,
+	authMiddleware func(http.Handler) http.Handler,
+	origins allowedOrigins,
+	unitsHandler unitsListHandler,
+	cuisineHandler cuisineListHandler,
+	tagHandler tagListHandler,
+) http.Handler {
+	return server.NewRouter(
+		pool,
+		authHandler,
+		userHandler,
+		recommendationHandler,
+		savedRecipeHandler,
+		ingredientHandler,
+		productHandler,
+		recognitionHandler,
+		menuHandler,
+		diaryHandler,
+		homeHandler,
+		dishHandler,
+		recipeHandler,
+		authMiddleware,
+		[]string(origins),
+		http.HandlerFunc(unitsHandler),
+		http.HandlerFunc(cuisineHandler),
+		http.HandlerFunc(tagHandler),
+	)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// jwtAdapter — adapts *auth.JWTManager to middleware.AccessTokenValidator.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type jwtAdapter struct {
+	jwtManager *auth.JWTManager
+}
+
+func newJWTAdapter(jm *auth.JWTManager) *jwtAdapter {
+	return &jwtAdapter{jwtManager: jm}
+}
+
+func (adapter *jwtAdapter) ValidateAccessToken(tokenStr string) (*middleware.TokenClaims, error) {
+	claims, validationError := adapter.jwtManager.ValidateAccessToken(tokenStr)
+	if validationError != nil {
+		return nil, validationError
+	}
+	return &middleware.TokenClaims{
+		UserID: claims.UserID,
+		Plan:   claims.Plan,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// newAuthMiddleware wraps middleware.Auth for Wire injection.
+func newAuthMiddleware(validator middleware.AccessTokenValidator) func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return middleware.Auth(validator)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Interface assertions (compile-time checks)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+var _ middleware.AccessTokenValidator = (*jwtAdapter)(nil)
+var _ menu.PhotoSearcher              = (*pexels.Client)(nil)
+var _ menu.UserLoader                 = (*user.Repository)(nil)
+var _ menu.ProductLister              = (*product.Repository)(nil)
+var _ menu.RecipeSaver                = (*dish.Repository)(nil)
+var _ recommendation.PhotoSearcher    = (*pexels.Client)(nil)
+var _ recommendation.UserLoader       = (*user.Repository)(nil)
+var _ recommendation.ProductLister    = (*product.Repository)(nil)
+var _ recognition.IngredientRepository = (*ingredient.Repository)(nil)
+var _ user.UserRepository             = (*user.Repository)(nil)
diff --git a/backend/cmd/server/wire.go b/backend/cmd/server/wire.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b91933
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/cmd/server/wire.go
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//go:build wireinject
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/auth"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/config"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/diary"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/dish"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/home"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/ingredient"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/menu"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/middleware"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/pexels"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/product"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recipe"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recognition"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recommendation"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/savedrecipe"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/user"
+	"github.com/google/wire"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
+)
+
+func initRouter(appConfig *config.Config, pool *pgxpool.Pool) (http.Handler, error) {
+	wire.Build(
+		// Config extractors
+		newGeminiAPIKey,
+		newPexelsAPIKey,
+		newJWTSecret,
+		newJWTAccessDuration,
+		newJWTRefreshDuration,
+		newAllowedOrigins,
+		newFirebaseCredentialsFile,
+
+		// Auth
+		auth.NewFirebaseAuthOrNoop,
+		newJWTManager,
+		newJWTAdapter,
+		newAuthMiddleware,
+		auth.NewService,
+		auth.NewHandler,
+
+		// User
+		user.NewRepository,
+		user.NewService,
+		user.NewHandler,
+
+		// External clients
+		newGeminiClient,
+		newPexelsClient,
+
+		// Ingredient
+		ingredient.NewRepository,
+		ingredient.NewHandler,
+
+		// Product
+		product.NewRepository,
+		product.NewHandler,
+
+		// Dish
+		dish.NewRepository,
+		dish.NewHandler,
+
+		// Recipe
+		recipe.NewRepository,
+		recipe.NewHandler,
+
+		// Saved recipes
+		savedrecipe.NewRepository,
+		savedrecipe.NewHandler,
+
+		// Menu
+		menu.NewRepository,
+		menu.NewHandler,
+
+		// Diary
+		diary.NewRepository,
+		diary.NewHandler,
+
+		// Home
+		home.NewHandler,
+
+		// Recognition & Recommendation
+		recognition.NewHandler,
+		recommendation.NewHandler,
+
+		// List handlers (DB-backed, injected into router)
+		newUnitsListHandler,
+		newCuisineListHandler,
+		newTagListHandler,
+
+		// Router
+		newRouter,
+
+		// Interface bindings
+		wire.Bind(new(user.UserRepository),              new(*user.Repository)),
+		wire.Bind(new(menu.PhotoSearcher),               new(*pexels.Client)),
+		wire.Bind(new(menu.UserLoader),                  new(*user.Repository)),
+		wire.Bind(new(menu.ProductLister),               new(*product.Repository)),
+		wire.Bind(new(menu.RecipeSaver),                 new(*dish.Repository)),
+		wire.Bind(new(recommendation.PhotoSearcher),     new(*pexels.Client)),
+		wire.Bind(new(recommendation.UserLoader),        new(*user.Repository)),
+		wire.Bind(new(recommendation.ProductLister),     new(*product.Repository)),
+		wire.Bind(new(recognition.IngredientRepository), new(*ingredient.Repository)),
+		wire.Bind(new(middleware.AccessTokenValidator),  new(*jwtAdapter)),
+	)
+	return nil, nil
+}
diff --git a/backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go b/backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01b9fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Code generated by Wire. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+//go:generate go run -mod=mod github.com/google/wire/cmd/wire
+//go:build !wireinject
+// +build !wireinject
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/auth"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/config"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/diary"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/dish"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/home"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/ingredient"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/menu"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/product"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recipe"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recognition"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recommendation"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/savedrecipe"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/user"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
+	"net/http"
+)
+
+// Injectors from wire.go:
+
+func initRouter(appConfig *config.Config, pool *pgxpool.Pool) (http.Handler, error) {
+	string2 := newFirebaseCredentialsFile(appConfig)
+	tokenVerifier, err := auth.NewFirebaseAuthOrNoop(string2)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	repository := user.NewRepository(pool)
+	mainJwtSecret := newJWTSecret(appConfig)
+	mainJwtAccessDuration := newJWTAccessDuration(appConfig)
+	mainJwtRefreshDuration := newJWTRefreshDuration(appConfig)
+	jwtManager := newJWTManager(mainJwtSecret, mainJwtAccessDuration, mainJwtRefreshDuration)
+	service := auth.NewService(tokenVerifier, repository, jwtManager)
+	handler := auth.NewHandler(service)
+	userService := user.NewService(repository)
+	userHandler := user.NewHandler(userService)
+	mainGeminiAPIKey := newGeminiAPIKey(appConfig)
+	client := newGeminiClient(mainGeminiAPIKey)
+	mainPexelsAPIKey := newPexelsAPIKey(appConfig)
+	pexelsClient := newPexelsClient(mainPexelsAPIKey)
+	productRepository := product.NewRepository(pool)
+	recommendationHandler := recommendation.NewHandler(client, pexelsClient, repository, productRepository)
+	dishRepository := dish.NewRepository(pool)
+	savedrecipeRepository := savedrecipe.NewRepository(pool, dishRepository)
+	savedrecipeHandler := savedrecipe.NewHandler(savedrecipeRepository)
+	ingredientRepository := ingredient.NewRepository(pool)
+	ingredientHandler := ingredient.NewHandler(ingredientRepository)
+	productHandler := product.NewHandler(productRepository)
+	recognitionHandler := recognition.NewHandler(client, ingredientRepository)
+	menuRepository := menu.NewRepository(pool)
+	menuHandler := menu.NewHandler(menuRepository, client, pexelsClient, repository, productRepository, dishRepository)
+	diaryRepository := diary.NewRepository(pool)
+	diaryHandler := diary.NewHandler(diaryRepository)
+	homeHandler := home.NewHandler(pool)
+	dishHandler := dish.NewHandler(dishRepository)
+	recipeRepository := recipe.NewRepository(pool)
+	recipeHandler := recipe.NewHandler(recipeRepository)
+	mainJwtAdapter := newJWTAdapter(jwtManager)
+	v := newAuthMiddleware(mainJwtAdapter)
+	mainAllowedOrigins := newAllowedOrigins(appConfig)
+	mainUnitsListHandler := newUnitsListHandler(pool)
+	mainCuisineListHandler := newCuisineListHandler(pool)
+	mainTagListHandler := newTagListHandler(pool)
+	httpHandler := newRouter(pool, handler, userHandler, recommendationHandler, savedrecipeHandler, ingredientHandler, productHandler, recognitionHandler, menuHandler, diaryHandler, homeHandler, dishHandler, recipeHandler, v, mainAllowedOrigins, mainUnitsListHandler, mainCuisineListHandler, mainTagListHandler)
+	return httpHandler, nil
+}
diff --git a/backend/go.mod b/backend/go.mod
index 8d2e196..231aa05 100644
--- a/backend/go.mod
+++ b/backend/go.mod
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
 	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9 // indirect
+	github.com/google/wire v0.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.11 // indirect
 	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.17.0 // indirect
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.27.8 // indirect
diff --git a/backend/go.sum b/backend/go.sum
index fdec756..a11ec64 100644
--- a/backend/go.sum
+++ b/backend/go.sum
@@ -117,6 +117,8 @@ github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9 h1:LGD7gtMgezd8a/Xak7mEWL0PjoTQFvpRudN895yqKW0=
 github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9/go.mod h1:YA0Ei2ZQL3acow2O62kdp9UlnvMmU7kA6Eutn0dXayM=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
+github.com/google/wire v0.7.0 h1:JxUKI6+CVBgCO2WToKy/nQk0sS+amI9z9EjVmdaocj4=
+github.com/google/wire v0.7.0/go.mod h1:n6YbUQD9cPKTnHXEBN2DXlOp/mVADhVErcMFb0v3J18=
 github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.11 h1:vAe81Msw+8tKUxi2Dqh/NZMz7475yUvmRIkXr4oN2ao=
 github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.11/go.mod h1:RFV7MUdlb7AgEq2v7FmMCfeSMCllAzWxFgRdusoGks8=
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.17.0 h1:RksgfBpxqff0EZkDWYuz9q/uWsTVz+kf43LsZ1J6SMc=
diff --git a/backend/internal/cuisine/handler.go b/backend/internal/cuisine/handler.go
index 23c7326..38a44e7 100644
--- a/backend/internal/cuisine/handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/cuisine/handler.go
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ package cuisine
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
 )
 
 type cuisineItem struct {
@@ -12,17 +14,47 @@ type cuisineItem struct {
 	Name string `json:"name"`
 }
 
-// List handles GET /cuisines — returns cuisines with names in the requested language.
-func List(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	lang := locale.FromContext(r.Context())
-	items := make([]cuisineItem, 0, len(Records))
-	for _, c := range Records {
-		name, ok := c.Translations[lang]
-		if !ok {
-			name = c.Name
+// NewListHandler returns an http.HandlerFunc for GET /cuisines.
+// It queries the database directly, resolving translations via COALESCE.
+func NewListHandler(pool *pgxpool.Pool) http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(responseWriter http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		lang := locale.FromContext(request.Context())
+
+		rows, queryError := pool.Query(request.Context(), `
+			SELECT c.slug, COALESCE(ct.name, c.name) AS name
+			FROM cuisines c
+			LEFT JOIN cuisine_translations ct ON ct.cuisine_slug = c.slug AND ct.lang = $1
+			ORDER BY c.sort_order`, lang)
+		if queryError != nil {
+			slog.Error("list cuisines", "err", queryError)
+			writeErrorJSON(responseWriter, http.StatusInternalServerError, "failed to load cuisines")
+			return
 		}
-		items = append(items, cuisineItem{Slug: c.Slug, Name: name})
+		defer rows.Close()
+
+		items := make([]cuisineItem, 0)
+		for rows.Next() {
+			var item cuisineItem
+			if scanError := rows.Scan(&item.Slug, &item.Name); scanError != nil {
+				slog.Error("scan cuisine row", "err", scanError)
+				writeErrorJSON(responseWriter, http.StatusInternalServerError, "failed to load cuisines")
+				return
+			}
+			items = append(items, item)
+		}
+		if rowsError := rows.Err(); rowsError != nil {
+			slog.Error("iterate cuisine rows", "err", rowsError)
+			writeErrorJSON(responseWriter, http.StatusInternalServerError, "failed to load cuisines")
+			return
+		}
+
+		responseWriter.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		_ = json.NewEncoder(responseWriter).Encode(map[string]any{"cuisines": items})
 	}
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]any{"cuisines": items})
+}
+
+func writeErrorJSON(responseWriter http.ResponseWriter, status int, message string) {
+	responseWriter.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	responseWriter.WriteHeader(status)
+	_ = json.NewEncoder(responseWriter).Encode(map[string]string{"error": message})
 }
diff --git a/backend/internal/cuisine/registry.go b/backend/internal/cuisine/registry.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 5974487..0000000
--- a/backend/internal/cuisine/registry.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-package cuisine
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
-)
-
-// Record is a cuisine loaded from DB with all its translations.
-type Record struct {
-	Slug      string
-	Name      string // English canonical name
-	SortOrder int
-	// Translations maps lang code to localized name.
-	Translations map[string]string
-}
-
-// Records is the ordered list of cuisines, populated by LoadFromDB at startup.
-var Records []Record
-
-// LoadFromDB queries cuisines + cuisine_translations and populates Records.
-func LoadFromDB(ctx context.Context, pool *pgxpool.Pool) error {
-	rows, err := pool.Query(ctx, `
-		SELECT c.slug, c.name, c.sort_order, ct.lang, ct.name
-		FROM cuisines c
-		LEFT JOIN cuisine_translations ct ON ct.cuisine_slug = c.slug
-		ORDER BY c.sort_order, ct.lang`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("load cuisines from db: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	bySlug := map[string]*Record{}
-	var order []string
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var slug, engName string
-		var sortOrder int
-		var lang, name *string
-		if err := rows.Scan(&slug, &engName, &sortOrder, &lang, &name); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if _, ok := bySlug[slug]; !ok {
-			bySlug[slug] = &Record{
-				Slug:         slug,
-				Name:         engName,
-				SortOrder:    sortOrder,
-				Translations: map[string]string{},
-			}
-			order = append(order, slug)
-		}
-		if lang != nil && name != nil {
-			bySlug[slug].Translations[*lang] = *name
-		}
-	}
-	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	result := make([]Record, 0, len(order))
-	for _, slug := range order {
-		result = append(result, *bySlug[slug])
-	}
-	Records = result
-	return nil
-}
-
-// NameFor returns the localized name for a cuisine slug.
-// Falls back to the English canonical name.
-func NameFor(slug, lang string) string {
-	for _, c := range Records {
-		if c.Slug == slug {
-			if name, ok := c.Translations[lang]; ok {
-				return name
-			}
-			return c.Name
-		}
-	}
-	return slug
-}
diff --git a/backend/internal/recognition/handler.go b/backend/internal/recognition/handler.go
index 22bb363..0b16f89 100644
--- a/backend/internal/recognition/handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/recognition/handler.go
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/middleware"
 )
 
-// ingredientRepo is the subset of ingredient.Repository used by this handler.
-type ingredientRepo interface {
+// IngredientRepository is the subset of ingredient.Repository used by this handler.
+type IngredientRepository interface {
 	FuzzyMatch(ctx context.Context, name string) (*ingredient.IngredientMapping, error)
 	Upsert(ctx context.Context, m *ingredient.IngredientMapping) (*ingredient.IngredientMapping, error)
 	UpsertTranslation(ctx context.Context, id, lang, name string) error
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ type ingredientRepo interface {
 // Handler handles POST /ai/* recognition endpoints.
 type Handler struct {
 	gemini         *gemini.Client
-	ingredientRepo ingredientRepo
+	ingredientRepo IngredientRepository
 }
 
 // NewHandler creates a new Handler.
-func NewHandler(geminiClient *gemini.Client, repo ingredientRepo) *Handler {
+func NewHandler(geminiClient *gemini.Client, repo IngredientRepository) *Handler {
 	return &Handler{gemini: geminiClient, ingredientRepo: repo}
 }
 
diff --git a/backend/internal/server/server.go b/backend/internal/server/server.go
index 7820a0e..1d815b5 100644
--- a/backend/internal/server/server.go
+++ b/backend/internal/server/server.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/auth"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/cuisine"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/diary"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/dish"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/home"
@@ -14,8 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/menu"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/middleware"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recipe"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/tag"
-	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/units"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/product"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recognition"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/recommendation"
@@ -41,6 +38,9 @@ func NewRouter(
 	recipeHandler *recipe.Handler,
 	authMiddleware func(http.Handler) http.Handler,
 	allowedOrigins []string,
+	unitsListHandler http.HandlerFunc,
+	cuisineListHandler http.HandlerFunc,
+	tagListHandler http.HandlerFunc,
 ) *chi.Mux {
 	r := chi.NewRouter()
 
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ func NewRouter(
 	// Public
 	r.Get("/health", healthCheck(pool))
 	r.Get("/languages", language.List)
-	r.Get("/units", units.List)
-	r.Get("/cuisines", cuisine.List)
-	r.Get("/tags", tag.List)
+	r.Get("/units", unitsListHandler)
+	r.Get("/cuisines", cuisineListHandler)
+	r.Get("/tags", tagListHandler)
 	r.Route("/auth", func(r chi.Router) {
 		r.Post("/login", authHandler.Login)
 		r.Post("/refresh", authHandler.Refresh)
diff --git a/backend/internal/tag/handler.go b/backend/internal/tag/handler.go
index 5e4ab43..d5c6c2b 100644
--- a/backend/internal/tag/handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/tag/handler.go
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ package tag
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
 )
 
 type tagItem struct {
@@ -12,17 +14,47 @@ type tagItem struct {
 	Name string `json:"name"`
 }
 
-// List handles GET /tags — returns tags with names in the requested language.
-func List(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	lang := locale.FromContext(r.Context())
-	items := make([]tagItem, 0, len(Records))
-	for _, t := range Records {
-		name, ok := t.Translations[lang]
-		if !ok {
-			name = t.Name
+// NewListHandler returns an http.HandlerFunc for GET /tags.
+// It queries the database directly, resolving translations via COALESCE.
+func NewListHandler(pool *pgxpool.Pool) http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(responseWriter http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		lang := locale.FromContext(request.Context())
+
+		rows, queryError := pool.Query(request.Context(), `
+			SELECT t.slug, COALESCE(tt.name, t.name) AS name
+			FROM tags t
+			LEFT JOIN tag_translations tt ON tt.tag_slug = t.slug AND tt.lang = $1
+			ORDER BY t.sort_order`, lang)
+		if queryError != nil {
+			slog.Error("list tags", "err", queryError)
+			writeErrorJSON(responseWriter, http.StatusInternalServerError, "failed to load tags")
+			return
 		}
-		items = append(items, tagItem{Slug: t.Slug, Name: name})
+		defer rows.Close()
+
+		items := make([]tagItem, 0)
+		for rows.Next() {
+			var item tagItem
+			if scanError := rows.Scan(&item.Slug, &item.Name); scanError != nil {
+				slog.Error("scan tag row", "err", scanError)
+				writeErrorJSON(responseWriter, http.StatusInternalServerError, "failed to load tags")
+				return
+			}
+			items = append(items, item)
+		}
+		if rowsError := rows.Err(); rowsError != nil {
+			slog.Error("iterate tag rows", "err", rowsError)
+			writeErrorJSON(responseWriter, http.StatusInternalServerError, "failed to load tags")
+			return
+		}
+
+		responseWriter.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		_ = json.NewEncoder(responseWriter).Encode(map[string]any{"tags": items})
 	}
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]any{"tags": items})
+}
+
+func writeErrorJSON(responseWriter http.ResponseWriter, status int, message string) {
+	responseWriter.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	responseWriter.WriteHeader(status)
+	_ = json.NewEncoder(responseWriter).Encode(map[string]string{"error": message})
 }
diff --git a/backend/internal/tag/registry.go b/backend/internal/tag/registry.go
deleted file mode 100644
index affbf5a..0000000
--- a/backend/internal/tag/registry.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-package tag
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
-)
-
-// Record is a tag loaded from DB with all its translations.
-type Record struct {
-	Slug         string
-	Name         string // English canonical name
-	SortOrder    int
-	Translations map[string]string // lang → localized name
-}
-
-// Records is the ordered list of tags, populated by LoadFromDB at startup.
-var Records []Record
-
-// LoadFromDB queries tags + tag_translations and populates Records.
-func LoadFromDB(ctx context.Context, pool *pgxpool.Pool) error {
-	rows, err := pool.Query(ctx, `
-		SELECT t.slug, t.name, t.sort_order, tt.lang, tt.name
-		FROM tags t
-		LEFT JOIN tag_translations tt ON tt.tag_slug = t.slug
-		ORDER BY t.sort_order, tt.lang`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("load tags from db: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	bySlug := map[string]*Record{}
-	var order []string
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var slug, engName string
-		var sortOrder int
-		var lang, name *string
-		if err := rows.Scan(&slug, &engName, &sortOrder, &lang, &name); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if _, ok := bySlug[slug]; !ok {
-			bySlug[slug] = &Record{
-				Slug:         slug,
-				Name:         engName,
-				SortOrder:    sortOrder,
-				Translations: map[string]string{},
-			}
-			order = append(order, slug)
-		}
-		if lang != nil && name != nil {
-			bySlug[slug].Translations[*lang] = *name
-		}
-	}
-	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	result := make([]Record, 0, len(order))
-	for _, slug := range order {
-		result = append(result, *bySlug[slug])
-	}
-	Records = result
-	return nil
-}
-
-// NameFor returns the localized name for a tag slug.
-// Falls back to the English canonical name.
-func NameFor(slug, lang string) string {
-	for _, t := range Records {
-		if t.Slug == slug {
-			if name, ok := t.Translations[lang]; ok {
-				return name
-			}
-			return t.Name
-		}
-	}
-	return slug
-}
diff --git a/backend/internal/units/handler.go b/backend/internal/units/handler.go
index ed26917..5f3795e 100644
--- a/backend/internal/units/handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/units/handler.go
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ package units
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
 )
 
 type unitItem struct {
@@ -12,17 +14,47 @@ type unitItem struct {
 	Name string `json:"name"`
 }
 
-// List handles GET /units — returns units with names in the requested language.
-func List(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	lang := locale.FromContext(r.Context())
-	items := make([]unitItem, 0, len(Records))
-	for _, u := range Records {
-		name, ok := u.Translations[lang]
-		if !ok {
-			name = u.Code // fallback to English code
+// NewListHandler returns an http.HandlerFunc for GET /units.
+// It queries the database directly, resolving translations via COALESCE.
+func NewListHandler(pool *pgxpool.Pool) http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(responseWriter http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		lang := locale.FromContext(request.Context())
+
+		rows, queryError := pool.Query(request.Context(), `
+			SELECT u.code, COALESCE(ut.name, u.code) AS name
+			FROM units u
+			LEFT JOIN unit_translations ut ON ut.unit_code = u.code AND ut.lang = $1
+			ORDER BY u.sort_order`, lang)
+		if queryError != nil {
+			slog.Error("list units", "err", queryError)
+			writeErrorJSON(responseWriter, http.StatusInternalServerError, "failed to load units")
+			return
 		}
-		items = append(items, unitItem{Code: u.Code, Name: name})
+		defer rows.Close()
+
+		items := make([]unitItem, 0)
+		for rows.Next() {
+			var item unitItem
+			if scanError := rows.Scan(&item.Code, &item.Name); scanError != nil {
+				slog.Error("scan unit row", "err", scanError)
+				writeErrorJSON(responseWriter, http.StatusInternalServerError, "failed to load units")
+				return
+			}
+			items = append(items, item)
+		}
+		if rowsError := rows.Err(); rowsError != nil {
+			slog.Error("iterate unit rows", "err", rowsError)
+			writeErrorJSON(responseWriter, http.StatusInternalServerError, "failed to load units")
+			return
+		}
+
+		responseWriter.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		_ = json.NewEncoder(responseWriter).Encode(map[string]any{"units": items})
 	}
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]any{"units": items})
+}
+
+func writeErrorJSON(responseWriter http.ResponseWriter, status int, message string) {
+	responseWriter.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	responseWriter.WriteHeader(status)
+	_ = json.NewEncoder(responseWriter).Encode(map[string]string{"error": message})
 }
diff --git a/backend/internal/units/registry.go b/backend/internal/units/registry.go
deleted file mode 100644
index eaa91bd..0000000
--- a/backend/internal/units/registry.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-package units
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
-)
-
-// Record is a unit loaded from DB with all its translations.
-type Record struct {
-	Code         string
-	SortOrder    int
-	Translations map[string]string // lang → localized name
-}
-
-// Records is the ordered list of active units, populated by LoadFromDB at startup.
-var Records []Record
-
-// LoadFromDB queries units + unit_translations and populates Records.
-func LoadFromDB(ctx context.Context, pool *pgxpool.Pool) error {
-	rows, err := pool.Query(ctx, `
-		SELECT u.code, u.sort_order, ut.lang, ut.name
-		FROM units u
-		LEFT JOIN unit_translations ut ON ut.unit_code = u.code
-		ORDER BY u.sort_order, ut.lang`)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("load units from db: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	byCode := map[string]*Record{}
-	var order []string
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var code string
-		var sortOrder int
-		var lang, name *string
-		if err := rows.Scan(&code, &sortOrder, &lang, &name); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if _, ok := byCode[code]; !ok {
-			byCode[code] = &Record{Code: code, SortOrder: sortOrder, Translations: map[string]string{}}
-			order = append(order, code)
-		}
-		if lang != nil && name != nil {
-			byCode[code].Translations[*lang] = *name
-		}
-	}
-	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	result := make([]Record, 0, len(order))
-	for _, code := range order {
-		result = append(result, *byCode[code])
-	}
-	Records = result
-	return nil
-}
-
-// NameFor returns the localized name for a unit code.
-// Falls back to the code itself when no translation exists.
-func NameFor(code, lang string) string {
-	for _, u := range Records {
-		if u.Code == code {
-			if name, ok := u.Translations[lang]; ok {
-				return name
-			}
-			return u.Code
-		}
-	}
-	return code
-}