feat: implement backend localization infrastructure

- Add internal/locale package: Parse(Accept-Language), FromContext/WithLang helpers, 12 supported languages
- Add Language middleware that reads Accept-Language header and stores lang in context
- Register Language middleware globally in server router (after CORS)

Database migrations:
- 009: create recipe_translations, saved_recipe_translations, ingredient_translations tables; migrate existing _ru data
- 010: drop legacy _ru columns (title_ru, description_ru, canonical_name_ru); update FTS index

Models: remove all _ru fields (TitleRu, DescriptionRu, NameRu, UnitRu, CanonicalNameRu)

Repositories:
- recipe: Upsert drops _ru params; GetByID does LEFT JOIN COALESCE on recipe_translations; ListMissingTranslation(lang); UpsertTranslation
- ingredient: same pattern with ingredient_translations; Search now queries translated names/aliases
- savedrecipe: List/GetByID LEFT JOIN COALESCE on saved_recipe_translations; UpsertTranslation

Gemini:
- RecipeRequest/MenuRequest gain Lang field
- buildRecipePrompt rewritten in English with target-language content instruction; image_query always in English
- GenerateMenu propagates Lang to GenerateRecipes

Handlers:
- recommendation/menu: pass locale.FromContext(ctx) as Lang
- recognition: saveClassification stores Russian translation via UpsertTranslation instead of _ru column

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

backend/internal/gemini/menu.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ type MenuRequest struct {
 	Restrictions      []string
 	CuisinePrefs      []string
 	AvailableProducts []string
+	Lang              string // ISO 639-1 target language code, e.g. "en", "ru"
 }
 
 // DayPlan is the AI-generated plan for a single day.
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ func (c *Client) GenerateMenu(ctx context.Context, req MenuRequest) ([]DayPlan,
 				CuisinePrefs:      req.CuisinePrefs,
 				Count:             7,
 				AvailableProducts: req.AvailableProducts,
+				Lang:              req.Lang,
 			})
 			results[idx] = mealResult{r, err}
 		}(i, slot.mealType, slot.fraction)

backend/internal/gemini/recipe.go

@@ -14,12 +14,13 @@ type RecipeGenerator interface {
 
 // RecipeRequest contains parameters for recipe generation.
 type RecipeRequest struct {
-	UserGoal          string   // "weight_loss" | "maintain" | "gain"
+	UserGoal          string   // "lose" | "maintain" | "gain"
 	DailyCalories     int
 	Restrictions      []string // e.g. ["gluten_free", "vegetarian"]
 	CuisinePrefs      []string // e.g. ["russian", "asian"]
 	Count             int
 	AvailableProducts []string // human-readable list of products in user's pantry
+	Lang              string   // ISO 639-1 target language code, e.g. "en", "ru"
 }
 
 // Recipe is a recipe returned by Gemini.
@@ -62,35 +63,55 @@ type NutritionInfo struct {
 	Approximate bool    `json:"approximate"`
 }
 
+// langNames maps ISO 639-1 codes to English language names used in the prompt.
+var langNames = map[string]string{
+	"en": "English",
+	"ru": "Russian",
+	"es": "Spanish",
+	"de": "German",
+	"fr": "French",
+	"it": "Italian",
+	"pt": "Portuguese",
+	"zh": "Chinese (Simplified)",
+	"ja": "Japanese",
+	"ko": "Korean",
+	"ar": "Arabic",
+	"hi": "Hindi",
+}
+
+// goalNames maps internal goal codes to English descriptions used in the prompt.
+var goalNames = map[string]string{
+	"lose":     "weight loss",
+	"maintain": "weight maintenance",
+	"gain":     "muscle gain",
+}
+
 // GenerateRecipes generates recipes using the Gemini AI.
 // Retries up to maxRetries times only when the response is not valid JSON.
 // API-level errors (rate limits, auth, etc.) are returned immediately.
 func (c *Client) GenerateRecipes(ctx context.Context, req RecipeRequest) ([]Recipe, error) {
 	prompt := buildRecipePrompt(req)
 
-	// OpenAI messages format.
 	messages := []map[string]string{
 		{"role": "user", "content": prompt},
 	}
 
 	var lastErr error
-	for attempt := 0; attempt < maxRetries; attempt++ {
+	for attempt := range maxRetries {
 		if attempt > 0 {
 			messages = []map[string]string{
 				{"role": "user", "content": prompt},
-				{"role": "user", "content": "Предыдущий ответ не был валидным JSON. Верни ТОЛЬКО массив JSON без какого-либо текста до или после."},
+				{"role": "user", "content": "Previous response was not valid JSON. Return ONLY a JSON array with no text before or after."},
 			}
 		}
 
 		text, err := c.generateContent(ctx, messages)
 		if err != nil {
-			// API-level error (4xx/5xx): no point retrying immediately.
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
 		recipes, err := parseRecipesJSON(text)
 		if err != nil {
-			// Malformed JSON from the model — retry with a clarifying message.
 			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("attempt %d parse JSON: %w", attempt+1, err)
 			continue
 		}
@@ -105,22 +126,26 @@ func (c *Client) GenerateRecipes(ctx context.Context, req RecipeRequest) ([]Reci
 }
 
 func buildRecipePrompt(req RecipeRequest) string {
-	goalRu := map[string]string{
+	lang := req.Lang
-		"weight_loss": "похудение",
+	if lang == "" {
-		"maintain":    "поддержание веса",
+		lang = "en"
-		"gain":        "набор массы",
 	}
-	goal := goalRu[req.UserGoal]
+	langName, ok := langNames[lang]
-	if goal == "" {
+	if !ok {
-		goal = "поддержание веса"
+		langName = "English"
 	}
 
-	restrictions := "нет"
+	goal := goalNames[req.UserGoal]
+	if goal == "" {
+		goal = "weight maintenance"
+	}
+
+	restrictions := "none"
 	if len(req.Restrictions) > 0 {
 		restrictions = strings.Join(req.Restrictions, ", ")
 	}
 
-	cuisines := "любые"
+	cuisines := "any"
 	if len(req.CuisinePrefs) > 0 {
 		cuisines = strings.Join(req.CuisinePrefs, ", ")
 	}
@@ -137,48 +162,46 @@ func buildRecipePrompt(req RecipeRequest) string {
 
 	productsSection := ""
 	if len(req.AvailableProducts) > 0 {
-		productsSection = "\nДоступные продукты (приоритет — скоро истекают ⚠):\n" +
+		productsSection = "\nAvailable products (⚠ = expiring soon, prioritise these):\n" +
-			strings.Join(req.AvailableProducts, "\n") +
+			strings.Join(req.AvailableProducts, "\n") + "\n"
-			"\nПредпочтительно использовать эти продукты в рецептах.\n"
 	}
 
-	return fmt.Sprintf(`Ты — диетолог-повар. Предложи %d рецептов на русском языке.
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`You are a chef and nutritionist. Generate %d recipes in %s.
 
-Профиль пользователя:
+User profile:
-- Цель: %s
+- Goal: %s
-- Дневная норма калорий: %d ккал
+- Daily calories: %d kcal
-- Ограничения: %s
+- Dietary restrictions: %s
-- Предпочтения: %s
+- Cuisine preferences: %s
 %s
-Требования к каждому рецепту:
+Requirements for each recipe:
-- Калорийность на порцию: не более %d ккал
+- Max %d kcal per serving
-- Время приготовления: до 60 минут
+- Total cooking time: max 60 minutes
-- Укажи КБЖУ на порцию (приблизительно)
+- Include approximate macros per serving
 
-ВАЖНО: поле image_query заполняй ТОЛЬКО на английском языке — оно используется для поиска фото.
+IMPORTANT:
+- All text fields (title, description, ingredient names, units, step descriptions, tags) MUST be in %s.
+- The "image_query" field MUST always be in English (it is used for stock-photo search).
 
-Верни ТОЛЬКО валидный JSON-массив без markdown-обёртки:
+Return ONLY a valid JSON array without markdown or extra text:
 [{
-  "title": "Название",
+  "title": "...",
-  "description": "2-3 предложения",
+  "description": "2-3 sentences",
   "cuisine": "russian|asian|european|mediterranean|american|other",
   "difficulty": "easy|medium|hard",
   "prep_time_min": 10,
   "cook_time_min": 20,
   "servings": 2,
-  "image_query": "chicken breast vegetables healthy (ENGLISH ONLY, used for photo search)",
+  "image_query": "short English photo-search query",
-  "ingredients": [{"name": "Куриная грудка", "amount": 300, "unit": "г"}],
+  "ingredients": [{"name": "...", "amount": 300, "unit": "..."}],
   "steps": [{"number": 1, "description": "...", "timer_seconds": null}],
-  "tags": ["высокий белок"],
+  "tags": ["..."],
-  "nutrition_per_serving": {
+  "nutrition_per_serving": {"calories": 420, "protein_g": 48, "fat_g": 12, "carbs_g": 18}
-    "calories": 420, "protein_g": 48, "fat_g": 12, "carbs_g": 18
+}]`, count, langName, goal, req.DailyCalories, restrictions, cuisines, productsSection, perMealCalories, langName)
-  }
-}]`, count, goal, req.DailyCalories, restrictions, cuisines, productsSection, perMealCalories)
 }
 
 func parseRecipesJSON(text string) ([]Recipe, error) {
 	text = strings.TrimSpace(text)
-	// Strip potential markdown code fences
 	if strings.HasPrefix(text, "```") {
 		text = strings.TrimPrefix(text, "```json")
 		text = strings.TrimPrefix(text, "```")

backend/internal/ingredient/model.go

@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ import (
 
 // IngredientMapping is the canonical ingredient record used to link
 // user products, recipe ingredients, and Spoonacular data.
+// CanonicalName holds the content for the language resolved at query time
+// (English by default, or from ingredient_translations when available).
 type IngredientMapping struct {
 	ID            string          `json:"id"`
 	CanonicalName string          `json:"canonical_name"`
-	CanonicalNameRu *string         `json:"canonical_name_ru"`
 	SpoonacularID *int            `json:"spoonacular_id"`
 	Aliases       json.RawMessage `json:"aliases"`    // []string
 	Category      *string         `json:"category"`

backend/internal/ingredient/repository.go

@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
 )
 
-// Repository handles persistence for ingredient_mappings.
+// Repository handles persistence for ingredient_mappings and their translations.
 type Repository struct {
 	pool *pgxpool.Pool
 }
@@ -20,16 +21,16 @@ func NewRepository(pool *pgxpool.Pool) *Repository {
 	return &Repository{pool: pool}
 }
 
-// Upsert inserts or updates an ingredient mapping.
+// Upsert inserts or updates an ingredient mapping (English canonical content).
-// Conflict is resolved on spoonacular_id when set; otherwise a simple insert is done.
+// Conflict is resolved on spoonacular_id when set.
 func (r *Repository) Upsert(ctx context.Context, m *IngredientMapping) (*IngredientMapping, error) {
 	query := `
 		INSERT INTO ingredient_mappings (
-			canonical_name, canonical_name_ru, spoonacular_id, aliases,
+			canonical_name, spoonacular_id, aliases,
 			category, default_unit,
 			calories_per_100g, protein_per_100g, fat_per_100g, carbs_per_100g, fiber_per_100g,
 			storage_days
-		) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11, $12)
+		) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11)
 		ON CONFLICT (spoonacular_id) DO UPDATE SET
 			canonical_name    = EXCLUDED.canonical_name,
 			aliases           = EXCLUDED.aliases,
@@ -42,13 +43,13 @@ func (r *Repository) Upsert(ctx context.Context, m *IngredientMapping) (*Ingredi
 			fiber_per_100g    = EXCLUDED.fiber_per_100g,
 			storage_days      = EXCLUDED.storage_days,
 			updated_at        = now()
-		RETURNING id, canonical_name, canonical_name_ru, spoonacular_id, aliases,
+		RETURNING id, canonical_name, spoonacular_id, aliases,
 			category, default_unit,
 			calories_per_100g, protein_per_100g, fat_per_100g, carbs_per_100g, fiber_per_100g,
 			storage_days, created_at, updated_at`
 
 	row := r.pool.QueryRow(ctx, query,
-		m.CanonicalName, m.CanonicalNameRu, m.SpoonacularID, m.Aliases,
+		m.CanonicalName, m.SpoonacularID, m.Aliases,
 		m.Category, m.DefaultUnit,
 		m.CaloriesPer100g, m.ProteinPer100g, m.FatPer100g, m.CarbsPer100g, m.FiberPer100g,
 		m.StorageDays,
@@ -57,17 +58,22 @@ func (r *Repository) Upsert(ctx context.Context, m *IngredientMapping) (*Ingredi
 }
 
 // GetBySpoonacularID returns an ingredient mapping by Spoonacular ID.
+// CanonicalName is resolved for the language stored in ctx.
 // Returns nil, nil if not found.
 func (r *Repository) GetBySpoonacularID(ctx context.Context, id int) (*IngredientMapping, error) {
+	lang := locale.FromContext(ctx)
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, canonical_name, canonical_name_ru, spoonacular_id, aliases,
+		SELECT im.id,
-			category, default_unit,
+			COALESCE(it.name, im.canonical_name) AS canonical_name,
-			calories_per_100g, protein_per_100g, fat_per_100g, carbs_per_100g, fiber_per_100g,
+			im.spoonacular_id, im.aliases,
-			storage_days, created_at, updated_at
+			im.category, im.default_unit,
-		FROM ingredient_mappings
+			im.calories_per_100g, im.protein_per_100g, im.fat_per_100g, im.carbs_per_100g, im.fiber_per_100g,
-		WHERE spoonacular_id = $1`
+			im.storage_days, im.created_at, im.updated_at
+		FROM ingredient_mappings im
+		LEFT JOIN ingredient_translations it ON it.ingredient_id = im.id AND it.lang = $2
+		WHERE im.spoonacular_id = $1`
 
-	row := r.pool.QueryRow(ctx, query, id)
+	row := r.pool.QueryRow(ctx, query, id, lang)
 	m, err := scanMapping(row)
 	if errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -76,17 +82,22 @@ func (r *Repository) GetBySpoonacularID(ctx context.Context, id int) (*Ingredien
 }
 
 // GetByID returns an ingredient mapping by UUID.
+// CanonicalName is resolved for the language stored in ctx.
 // Returns nil, nil if not found.
 func (r *Repository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*IngredientMapping, error) {
+	lang := locale.FromContext(ctx)
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, canonical_name, canonical_name_ru, spoonacular_id, aliases,
+		SELECT im.id,
-			category, default_unit,
+			COALESCE(it.name, im.canonical_name) AS canonical_name,
-			calories_per_100g, protein_per_100g, fat_per_100g, carbs_per_100g, fiber_per_100g,
+			im.spoonacular_id, im.aliases,
-			storage_days, created_at, updated_at
+			im.category, im.default_unit,
-		FROM ingredient_mappings
+			im.calories_per_100g, im.protein_per_100g, im.fat_per_100g, im.carbs_per_100g, im.fiber_per_100g,
-		WHERE id = $1`
+			im.storage_days, im.created_at, im.updated_at
+		FROM ingredient_mappings im
+		LEFT JOIN ingredient_translations it ON it.ingredient_id = im.id AND it.lang = $2
+		WHERE im.id = $1`
 
-	row := r.pool.QueryRow(ctx, query, id)
+	row := r.pool.QueryRow(ctx, query, id, lang)
 	m, err := scanMapping(row)
 	if errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -95,6 +106,7 @@ func (r *Repository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*IngredientMapping
 }
 
 // FuzzyMatch finds the single best matching ingredient mapping for a given name.
+// Searches both English and translated names for the language in ctx.
 // Returns nil, nil when no match is found.
 func (r *Repository) FuzzyMatch(ctx context.Context, name string) (*IngredientMapping, error) {
 	results, err := r.Search(ctx, name, 1)
@@ -108,24 +120,31 @@ func (r *Repository) FuzzyMatch(ctx context.Context, name string) (*IngredientMa
 }
 
 // Search finds ingredient mappings matching the query string.
+// Searches English aliases/name and the translated name for the language in ctx.
 // Uses a three-level strategy: exact aliases match, ILIKE, and pg_trgm similarity.
 func (r *Repository) Search(ctx context.Context, query string, limit int) ([]*IngredientMapping, error) {
 	if limit <= 0 {
 		limit = 10
 	}
+	lang := locale.FromContext(ctx)
 	q := `
-		SELECT id, canonical_name, canonical_name_ru, spoonacular_id, aliases,
+		SELECT im.id,
-			category, default_unit,
+			COALESCE(it.name, im.canonical_name) AS canonical_name,
-			calories_per_100g, protein_per_100g, fat_per_100g, carbs_per_100g, fiber_per_100g,
+			im.spoonacular_id, im.aliases,
-			storage_days, created_at, updated_at
+			im.category, im.default_unit,
-		FROM ingredient_mappings
+			im.calories_per_100g, im.protein_per_100g, im.fat_per_100g, im.carbs_per_100g, im.fiber_per_100g,
-		WHERE aliases @> to_jsonb(lower($1)::text)
+			im.storage_days, im.created_at, im.updated_at
-		   OR canonical_name_ru ILIKE '%' || $1 || '%'
+		FROM ingredient_mappings im
-		   OR similarity(canonical_name_ru, $1) > 0.3
+		LEFT JOIN ingredient_translations it ON it.ingredient_id = im.id AND it.lang = $3
-		ORDER BY similarity(canonical_name_ru, $1) DESC
+		WHERE im.aliases    @> to_jsonb(lower($1)::text)
+		   OR it.aliases    @> to_jsonb(lower($1)::text)
+		   OR im.canonical_name ILIKE '%' || $1 || '%'
+		   OR it.name       ILIKE '%' || $1 || '%'
+		   OR similarity(COALESCE(it.name, im.canonical_name), $1) > 0.3
+		ORDER BY similarity(COALESCE(it.name, im.canonical_name), $1) DESC
 		LIMIT $2`
 
-	rows, err := r.pool.Query(ctx, q, query, limit)
+	rows, err := r.pool.Query(ctx, q, query, limit, lang)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("search ingredient_mappings: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -142,45 +161,41 @@ func (r *Repository) Count(ctx context.Context) (int, error) {
 	return n, nil
 }
 
-// ListUntranslated returns ingredients without a Russian name, ordered by id.
+// ListMissingTranslation returns ingredients that have no translation for the
-func (r *Repository) ListUntranslated(ctx context.Context, limit, offset int) ([]*IngredientMapping, error) {
+// given language, ordered by id.
+func (r *Repository) ListMissingTranslation(ctx context.Context, lang string, limit, offset int) ([]*IngredientMapping, error) {
 	query := `
-		SELECT id, canonical_name, canonical_name_ru, spoonacular_id, aliases,
+		SELECT im.id, im.canonical_name, im.spoonacular_id, im.aliases,
-			category, default_unit,
+			im.category, im.default_unit,
-			calories_per_100g, protein_per_100g, fat_per_100g, carbs_per_100g, fiber_per_100g,
+			im.calories_per_100g, im.protein_per_100g, im.fat_per_100g, im.carbs_per_100g, im.fiber_per_100g,
-			storage_days, created_at, updated_at
+			im.storage_days, im.created_at, im.updated_at
-		FROM ingredient_mappings
+		FROM ingredient_mappings im
-		WHERE canonical_name_ru IS NULL
+		WHERE NOT EXISTS (
-		ORDER BY id
+		    SELECT 1 FROM ingredient_translations it
+		    WHERE it.ingredient_id = im.id AND it.lang = $3
+		)
+		ORDER BY im.id
 		LIMIT $1 OFFSET $2`
 
-	rows, err := r.pool.Query(ctx, query, limit, offset)
+	rows, err := r.pool.Query(ctx, query, limit, offset, lang)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list untranslated: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list missing translation (%s): %w", lang, err)
 	}
 	defer rows.Close()
 	return collectMappings(rows)
 }
 
-// UpdateTranslation saves the Russian name and adds Russian aliases.
+// UpsertTranslation inserts or replaces a translation for an ingredient mapping.
-func (r *Repository) UpdateTranslation(ctx context.Context, id, canonicalNameRu string, aliasesRu []string) error {
+func (r *Repository) UpsertTranslation(ctx context.Context, id, lang, name string, aliases json.RawMessage) error {
-	// Merge new aliases into existing JSONB array without duplicates
 	query := `
-		UPDATE ingredient_mappings SET
+		INSERT INTO ingredient_translations (ingredient_id, lang, name, aliases)
-			canonical_name_ru = $2,
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4)
-			aliases = (
+		ON CONFLICT (ingredient_id, lang) DO UPDATE SET
-				SELECT jsonb_agg(DISTINCT elem)
+			name    = EXCLUDED.name,
-				FROM (
+			aliases = EXCLUDED.aliases`
-					SELECT jsonb_array_elements(aliases) AS elem
-					UNION
-					SELECT to_jsonb(unnest) FROM unnest($3::text[]) AS unnest
-				) sub
-			),
-			updated_at = now()
-		WHERE id = $1`
 
-	if _, err := r.pool.Exec(ctx, query, id, canonicalNameRu, aliasesRu); err != nil {
+	if _, err := r.pool.Exec(ctx, query, id, lang, name, aliases); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("update translation %s: %w", id, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("upsert ingredient translation %s/%s: %w", id, lang, err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -192,7 +207,7 @@ func scanMapping(row pgx.Row) (*IngredientMapping, error) {
 	var aliases []byte
 
 	err := row.Scan(
-		&m.ID, &m.CanonicalName, &m.CanonicalNameRu, &m.SpoonacularID, &aliases,
+		&m.ID, &m.CanonicalName, &m.SpoonacularID, &aliases,
 		&m.Category, &m.DefaultUnit,
 		&m.CaloriesPer100g, &m.ProteinPer100g, &m.FatPer100g, &m.CarbsPer100g, &m.FiberPer100g,
 		&m.StorageDays, &m.CreatedAt, &m.UpdatedAt,
@@ -210,7 +225,7 @@ func collectMappings(rows pgx.Rows) ([]*IngredientMapping, error) {
 		var m IngredientMapping
 		var aliases []byte
 		if err := rows.Scan(
-			&m.ID, &m.CanonicalName, &m.CanonicalNameRu, &m.SpoonacularID, &aliases,
+			&m.ID, &m.CanonicalName, &m.SpoonacularID, &aliases,
 			&m.Category, &m.DefaultUnit,
 			&m.CaloriesPer100g, &m.ProteinPer100g, &m.FatPer100g, &m.CarbsPer100g, &m.FiberPer100g,
 			&m.StorageDays, &m.CreatedAt, &m.UpdatedAt,

backend/internal/ingredient/repository_integration_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/testutil"
 )
 
@@ -65,7 +66,6 @@ func TestIngredientRepository_Upsert_ConflictUpdates(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("first upsert: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	// Update with same spoonacular_id
 	cal := 89.0
 	second := &IngredientMapping{
 		CanonicalName:   "banana_updated",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func TestIngredientRepository_GetBySpoonacularID_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestIngredientRepository_ListUntranslated(t *testing.T) {
+func TestIngredientRepository_ListMissingTranslation(t *testing.T) {
 	pool := testutil.SetupTestDB(t)
 	repo := NewRepository(pool)
 	ctx := context.Background()
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func TestIngredientRepository_ListUntranslated(t *testing.T) {
 	cat := "produce"
 	unit := "g"
 
-	// Insert 3 without translation
+	// Insert 3 without any translation.
 	for i, name := range []string{"carrot", "onion", "garlic"} {
 		id := 4000 + i
 		_, err := repo.Upsert(ctx, &IngredientMapping{
@@ -160,45 +160,38 @@ func TestIngredientRepository_ListUntranslated(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Insert 1 with translation (shouldn't appear in untranslated list)
+	// Insert 1 and add a Russian translation — should not appear in the result.
 	id := 4100
-	ruName := "помидор"
+	saved, err := repo.Upsert(ctx, &IngredientMapping{
-	withTranslation := &IngredientMapping{
 		CanonicalName: "tomato",
-		CanonicalNameRu: &ruName,
 		SpoonacularID: &id,
 		Aliases:       json.RawMessage(`[]`),
 		Category:      &cat,
 		DefaultUnit:   &unit,
-	}
+	})
-	saved, err := repo.Upsert(ctx, withTranslation)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("upsert with translation: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("upsert tomato: %v", err)
 	}
-	// The upsert doesn't set canonical_name_ru because the UPDATE clause doesn't include it
+	if err := repo.UpsertTranslation(ctx, saved.ID, "ru", "помидор", json.RawMessage(`["помидор","томат"]`)); err != nil {
-	// We need to manually set it after
+		t.Fatalf("upsert translation: %v", err)
-	if err := repo.UpdateTranslation(ctx, saved.ID, "помидор", []string{"помидор", "томат"}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("update translation: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	untranslated, err := repo.ListUntranslated(ctx, 10, 0)
+	missing, err := repo.ListMissingTranslation(ctx, "ru", 10, 0)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("list untranslated: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("list missing translation: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	// Should return the 3 without translation (carrot, onion, garlic)
+	for _, m := range missing {
-	// The translated tomato should not appear
-	for _, m := range untranslated {
 		if m.CanonicalName == "tomato" {
-			t.Error("translated ingredient should not appear in ListUntranslated")
+			t.Error("translated ingredient should not appear in ListMissingTranslation")
 		}
 	}
-	if len(untranslated) < 3 {
+	if len(missing) < 3 {
-		t.Errorf("expected at least 3 untranslated, got %d", len(untranslated))
+		t.Errorf("expected at least 3 untranslated, got %d", len(missing))
 	}
 }
 
-func TestIngredientRepository_UpdateTranslation(t *testing.T) {
+func TestIngredientRepository_UpsertTranslation(t *testing.T) {
 	pool := testutil.SetupTestDB(t)
 	repo := NewRepository(pool)
 	ctx := context.Background()
@@ -218,33 +211,29 @@ func TestIngredientRepository_UpdateTranslation(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("upsert: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	err = repo.UpdateTranslation(ctx, saved.ID, "куриная грудка",
+	err = repo.UpsertTranslation(ctx, saved.ID, "ru", "куриная грудка",
-		[]string{"куриная грудка", "куриное филе"})
+		json.RawMessage(`["куриная грудка","куриное филе"]`))
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("update translation: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("upsert translation: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	got, err := repo.GetByID(ctx, saved.ID)
+	// Retrieve with Russian context — CanonicalName should be the Russian name.
+	ruCtx := locale.WithLang(ctx, "ru")
+	got, err := repo.GetByID(ruCtx, saved.ID)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("get by id: %v", err)
 	}
-	if got.CanonicalNameRu == nil || *got.CanonicalNameRu != "куриная грудка" {
+	if got.CanonicalName != "куриная грудка" {
-		t.Errorf("expected canonical_name_ru='куриная грудка', got %v", got.CanonicalNameRu)
+		t.Errorf("expected CanonicalName='куриная грудка', got %q", got.CanonicalName)
 	}
 
-	var aliases []string
+	// Retrieve with English context (default) — CanonicalName should be the English name.
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(got.Aliases, &aliases); err != nil {
+	enCtx := locale.WithLang(ctx, "en")
-		t.Fatalf("unmarshal aliases: %v", err)
+	gotEn, err := repo.GetByID(enCtx, saved.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("get by id (en): %v", err)
 	}
-
+	if gotEn.CanonicalName != "chicken_breast" {
-	hasRu := false
+		t.Errorf("expected English CanonicalName='chicken_breast', got %q", gotEn.CanonicalName)
-	for _, a := range aliases {
-		if a == "куриное филе" {
-			hasRu = true
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if !hasRu {
-		t.Errorf("Russian alias not found in aliases: %v", aliases)
 	}
 }

backend/internal/locale/locale.go

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package locale
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Default is the fallback language when no supported language is detected.
+const Default = "en"
+
+// Supported is the set of language codes the application currently handles.
+// Keys are ISO 639-1 two-letter codes (lower-case).
+var Supported = map[string]bool{
+	"en": true,
+	"ru": true,
+	"es": true,
+	"de": true,
+	"fr": true,
+	"it": true,
+	"pt": true,
+	"zh": true,
+	"ja": true,
+	"ko": true,
+	"ar": true,
+	"hi": true,
+}
+
+type contextKey struct{}
+
+// Parse returns the best-matching supported language from an Accept-Language
+// header value.  It iterates through the comma-separated list in preference
+// order and returns the first entry whose primary subtag is in Supported.
+// Returns Default when the header is empty or no match is found.
+func Parse(acceptLang string) string {
+	if acceptLang == "" {
+		return Default
+	}
+	for part := range strings.SplitSeq(acceptLang, ",") {
+		// Strip quality value (e.g. ";q=0.9").
+		tag := strings.TrimSpace(strings.SplitN(part, ";", 2)[0])
+		// Use only the primary subtag (e.g. "ru" from "ru-RU").
+		lang := strings.ToLower(strings.SplitN(tag, "-", 2)[0])
+		if Supported[lang] {
+			return lang
+		}
+	}
+	return Default
+}
+
+// WithLang returns a copy of ctx carrying the given language code.
+func WithLang(ctx context.Context, lang string) context.Context {
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, contextKey{}, lang)
+}
+
+// FromContext returns the language stored in ctx.
+// Returns Default when no language has been set.
+func FromContext(ctx context.Context) string {
+	if lang, ok := ctx.Value(contextKey{}).(string); ok && lang != "" {
+		return lang
+	}
+	return Default
+}
+
+// FromRequest extracts the preferred language from the request's
+// Accept-Language header.
+func FromRequest(r *http.Request) string {
+	return Parse(r.Header.Get("Accept-Language"))
+}

backend/internal/locale/locale_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+package locale_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
+)
+
+func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		acceptLang string
+		want       string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "empty header returns default",
+			acceptLang: "",
+			want:       locale.Default,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "exact match",
+			acceptLang: "ru",
+			want:       "ru",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "region subtag stripped",
+			acceptLang: "ru-RU",
+			want:       "ru",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "full browser header picks first supported",
+			acceptLang: "ru-RU,ru;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7",
+			want:       "ru",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "unsupported first falls through to supported",
+			acceptLang: "xx-XX,ru;q=0.8",
+			want:       "ru",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "completely unsupported returns default",
+			acceptLang: "xx-XX,yy-YY",
+			want:       locale.Default,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "chinese region subtag",
+			acceptLang: "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9",
+			want:       "zh",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "case insensitive",
+			acceptLang: "RU-RU",
+			want:       "ru",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "whitespace around tag",
+			acceptLang: "  ru  ",
+			want:       "ru",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := locale.Parse(tc.acceptLang)
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("Parse(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.acceptLang, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWithLangAndFromContext(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	if got := locale.FromContext(ctx); got != locale.Default {
+		t.Errorf("FromContext on empty ctx = %q, want %q", got, locale.Default)
+	}
+
+	ctx = locale.WithLang(ctx, "ru")
+	if got := locale.FromContext(ctx); got != "ru" {
+		t.Errorf("FromContext after WithLang(ru) = %q, want %q", got, "ru")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFromRequest(t *testing.T) {
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	req.Header.Set("Accept-Language", "es-ES,es;q=0.9")
+
+	if got := locale.FromRequest(req); got != "es" {
+		t.Errorf("FromRequest = %q, want %q", got, "es")
+	}
+}

backend/internal/menu/handler.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/gemini"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/middleware"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/savedrecipe"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/user"
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ func (h *Handler) GenerateMenu(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	menuReq := buildMenuRequest(u)
+	menuReq := buildMenuRequest(u, locale.FromContext(r.Context()))
 
 	// Attach pantry products.
 	if products, err := h.productLister.ListForPrompt(r.Context(), userID); err == nil {
@@ -460,8 +461,8 @@ type userPreferences struct {
 	Restrictions []string `json:"restrictions"`
 }
 
-func buildMenuRequest(u *user.User) gemini.MenuRequest {
+func buildMenuRequest(u *user.User, lang string) gemini.MenuRequest {
-	req := gemini.MenuRequest{DailyCalories: 2000}
+	req := gemini.MenuRequest{DailyCalories: 2000, Lang: lang}
 	if u.Goal != nil {
 		req.UserGoal = *u.Goal
 	}

backend/internal/middleware/language.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
+)
+
+// Language reads the Accept-Language request header, resolves the best
+// supported language via locale.Parse, and stores it in the request context.
+// Downstream handlers retrieve it with locale.FromContext.
+func Language(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		lang := locale.FromRequest(r)
+		ctx := locale.WithLang(r.Context(), lang)
+		next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+	})
+}

backend/internal/recipe/model.go

@@ -6,15 +6,16 @@ import (
 )
 
 // Recipe is a recipe record in the database.
+// Title, Description, Ingredients, and Steps hold the content for the language
+// resolved at query time (English by default, or from recipe_translations when
+// a matching row exists for the requested language).
 type Recipe struct {
 	ID            string `json:"id"`
 	Source        string `json:"source"` // spoonacular | ai | user
 	SpoonacularID *int   `json:"spoonacular_id"`
 
 	Title       string  `json:"title"`
-	TitleRu       *string `json:"title_ru"`
 	Description *string `json:"description"`
-	DescriptionRu *string `json:"description_ru"`
 
 	Cuisine    *string `json:"cuisine"`
 	Difficulty *string `json:"difficulty"` // easy | medium | hard
@@ -45,10 +46,8 @@ type RecipeIngredient struct {
 	SpoonacularID *int    `json:"spoonacular_id"`
 	MappingID     *string `json:"mapping_id"`
 	Name          string  `json:"name"`
-	NameRu        *string `json:"name_ru"`
 	Amount        float64 `json:"amount"`
 	Unit          string  `json:"unit"`
-	UnitRu        *string `json:"unit_ru"`
 	Optional      bool    `json:"optional"`
 }
 
@@ -56,7 +55,6 @@ type RecipeIngredient struct {
 type RecipeStep struct {
 	Number       int     `json:"number"`
 	Description  string  `json:"description"`
-	DescriptionRu *string `json:"description_ru"`
 	TimerSeconds *int    `json:"timer_seconds"`
 	ImageURL     *string `json:"image_url"`
 }

backend/internal/recipe/repository.go

@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
 )
 
-// Repository handles persistence for recipes.
+// Repository handles persistence for recipes and their translations.
 type Repository struct {
 	pool *pgxpool.Pool
 }
@@ -20,17 +21,17 @@ func NewRepository(pool *pgxpool.Pool) *Repository {
 	return &Repository{pool: pool}
 }
 
-// Upsert inserts or updates a recipe.
+// Upsert inserts or updates a recipe (English canonical content only).
 // Conflict is resolved on spoonacular_id.
 func (r *Repository) Upsert(ctx context.Context, recipe *Recipe) (*Recipe, error) {
 	query := `
 		INSERT INTO recipes (
 			source, spoonacular_id,
-			title, description, title_ru, description_ru,
+			title, description,
 			cuisine, difficulty, prep_time_min, cook_time_min, servings, image_url,
 			calories_per_serving, protein_per_serving, fat_per_serving, carbs_per_serving, fiber_per_serving,
 			ingredients, steps, tags
-		) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11, $12, $13, $14, $15, $16, $17, $18, $19, $20)
+		) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11, $12, $13, $14, $15, $16, $17, $18)
 		ON CONFLICT (spoonacular_id) DO UPDATE SET
 			title                = EXCLUDED.title,
 			description          = EXCLUDED.description,
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ func (r *Repository) Upsert(ctx context.Context, recipe *Recipe) (*Recipe, error
 			tags                 = EXCLUDED.tags,
 			updated_at           = now()
 		RETURNING id, source, spoonacular_id,
-			title, description, title_ru, description_ru,
+			title, description,
 			cuisine, difficulty, prep_time_min, cook_time_min, servings, image_url,
 			calories_per_serving, protein_per_serving, fat_per_serving, carbs_per_serving, fiber_per_serving,
 			ingredients, steps, tags,
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ func (r *Repository) Upsert(ctx context.Context, recipe *Recipe) (*Recipe, error
 
 	row := r.pool.QueryRow(ctx, query,
 		recipe.Source, recipe.SpoonacularID,
-		recipe.Title, recipe.Description, recipe.TitleRu, recipe.DescriptionRu,
+		recipe.Title, recipe.Description,
 		recipe.Cuisine, recipe.Difficulty, recipe.PrepTimeMin, recipe.CookTimeMin, recipe.Servings, recipe.ImageURL,
 		recipe.CaloriesPerServing, recipe.ProteinPerServing, recipe.FatPerServing, recipe.CarbsPerServing, recipe.FiberPerServing,
 		recipe.Ingredients, recipe.Steps, recipe.Tags,
@@ -66,6 +67,33 @@ func (r *Repository) Upsert(ctx context.Context, recipe *Recipe) (*Recipe, error
 	return scanRecipe(row)
 }
 
+// GetByID returns a recipe by UUID, with content resolved for the language
+// stored in ctx (falls back to English when no translation exists).
+// Returns nil, nil if not found.
+func (r *Repository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Recipe, error) {
+	lang := locale.FromContext(ctx)
+	query := `
+		SELECT r.id, r.source, r.spoonacular_id,
+			COALESCE(rt.title,       r.title)       AS title,
+			COALESCE(rt.description, r.description) AS description,
+			r.cuisine, r.difficulty, r.prep_time_min, r.cook_time_min, r.servings, r.image_url,
+			r.calories_per_serving, r.protein_per_serving, r.fat_per_serving, r.carbs_per_serving, r.fiber_per_serving,
+			COALESCE(rt.ingredients, r.ingredients) AS ingredients,
+			COALESCE(rt.steps,       r.steps)       AS steps,
+			r.tags,
+			r.avg_rating, r.review_count, r.created_by, r.created_at, r.updated_at
+		FROM recipes r
+		LEFT JOIN recipe_translations rt ON rt.recipe_id = r.id AND rt.lang = $2
+		WHERE r.id = $1`
+
+	row := r.pool.QueryRow(ctx, query, id, lang)
+	rec, err := scanRecipe(row)
+	if errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return rec, err
+}
+
 // Count returns the total number of recipes.
 func (r *Repository) Count(ctx context.Context) (int, error) {
 	var n int
@@ -75,40 +103,51 @@ func (r *Repository) Count(ctx context.Context) (int, error) {
 	return n, nil
 }
 
-// ListUntranslated returns recipes without a Russian title, ordered by review_count DESC.
+// ListMissingTranslation returns Spoonacular recipes that have no translation
-func (r *Repository) ListUntranslated(ctx context.Context, limit, offset int) ([]*Recipe, error) {
+// for the given language, ordered by review_count DESC.
+func (r *Repository) ListMissingTranslation(ctx context.Context, lang string, limit, offset int) ([]*Recipe, error) {
 	query := `
 		SELECT id, source, spoonacular_id,
-			title, description, title_ru, description_ru,
+			title, description,
 			cuisine, difficulty, prep_time_min, cook_time_min, servings, image_url,
 			calories_per_serving, protein_per_serving, fat_per_serving, carbs_per_serving, fiber_per_serving,
 			ingredients, steps, tags,
 			avg_rating, review_count, created_by, created_at, updated_at
 		FROM recipes
-		WHERE title_ru IS NULL AND source = 'spoonacular'
+		WHERE source = 'spoonacular'
+		  AND NOT EXISTS (
+		      SELECT 1 FROM recipe_translations rt
+		      WHERE rt.recipe_id = recipes.id AND rt.lang = $3
+		  )
 		ORDER BY review_count DESC
 		LIMIT $1 OFFSET $2`
 
-	rows, err := r.pool.Query(ctx, query, limit, offset)
+	rows, err := r.pool.Query(ctx, query, limit, offset, lang)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list untranslated recipes: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list missing translation (%s): %w", lang, err)
 	}
 	defer rows.Close()
 	return collectRecipes(rows)
 }
 
-// UpdateTranslation saves the Russian title, description, and step translations.
+// UpsertTranslation inserts or replaces a recipe translation for a specific language.
-func (r *Repository) UpdateTranslation(ctx context.Context, id string, titleRu, descriptionRu *string, steps json.RawMessage) error {
+func (r *Repository) UpsertTranslation(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	id, lang string,
+	title, description *string,
+	ingredients, steps json.RawMessage,
+) error {
 	query := `
-		UPDATE recipes SET
+		INSERT INTO recipe_translations (recipe_id, lang, title, description, ingredients, steps)
-			title_ru       = $2,
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)
-			description_ru = $3,
+		ON CONFLICT (recipe_id, lang) DO UPDATE SET
-			steps          = $4,
+			title       = EXCLUDED.title,
-			updated_at     = now()
+			description = EXCLUDED.description,
-		WHERE id = $1`
+			ingredients = EXCLUDED.ingredients,
+			steps       = EXCLUDED.steps`
 
-	if _, err := r.pool.Exec(ctx, query, id, titleRu, descriptionRu, steps); err != nil {
+	if _, err := r.pool.Exec(ctx, query, id, lang, title, description, ingredients, steps); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("update recipe translation %s: %w", id, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("upsert recipe translation %s/%s: %w", id, lang, err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -121,7 +160,7 @@ func scanRecipe(row pgx.Row) (*Recipe, error) {
 
 	err := row.Scan(
 		&rec.ID, &rec.Source, &rec.SpoonacularID,
-		&rec.Title, &rec.Description, &rec.TitleRu, &rec.DescriptionRu,
+		&rec.Title, &rec.Description,
 		&rec.Cuisine, &rec.Difficulty, &rec.PrepTimeMin, &rec.CookTimeMin, &rec.Servings, &rec.ImageURL,
 		&rec.CaloriesPerServing, &rec.ProteinPerServing, &rec.FatPerServing, &rec.CarbsPerServing, &rec.FiberPerServing,
 		&ingredients, &steps, &tags,
@@ -143,7 +182,7 @@ func collectRecipes(rows pgx.Rows) ([]*Recipe, error) {
 		var ingredients, steps, tags []byte
 		if err := rows.Scan(
 			&rec.ID, &rec.Source, &rec.SpoonacularID,
-			&rec.Title, &rec.Description, &rec.TitleRu, &rec.DescriptionRu,
+			&rec.Title, &rec.Description,
 			&rec.Cuisine, &rec.Difficulty, &rec.PrepTimeMin, &rec.CookTimeMin, &rec.Servings, &rec.ImageURL,
 			&rec.CaloriesPerServing, &rec.ProteinPerServing, &rec.FatPerServing, &rec.CarbsPerServing, &rec.FiberPerServing,
 			&ingredients, &steps, &tags,
@@ -158,24 +197,3 @@ func collectRecipes(rows pgx.Rows) ([]*Recipe, error) {
 	}
 	return result, rows.Err()
 }
-
-// GetByID returns a recipe by UUID.
-// Returns nil, nil if not found.
-func (r *Repository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Recipe, error) {
-	query := `
-		SELECT id, source, spoonacular_id,
-			title, description, title_ru, description_ru,
-			cuisine, difficulty, prep_time_min, cook_time_min, servings, image_url,
-			calories_per_serving, protein_per_serving, fat_per_serving, carbs_per_serving, fiber_per_serving,
-			ingredients, steps, tags,
-			avg_rating, review_count, created_by, created_at, updated_at
-		FROM recipes
-		WHERE id = $1`
-
-	row := r.pool.QueryRow(ctx, query, id)
-	rec, err := scanRecipe(row)
-	if errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	return rec, err
-}

backend/internal/recipe/repository_integration_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/testutil"
 )
 
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ func TestRecipeRepository_GetByID_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRecipeRepository_ListUntranslated_Pagination(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRecipeRepository_ListMissingTranslation_Pagination(t *testing.T) {
 	pool := testutil.SetupTestDB(t)
 	repo := NewRepository(pool)
 	ctx := context.Background()
@@ -165,16 +166,16 @@ func TestRecipeRepository_ListUntranslated_Pagination(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	untranslated, err := repo.ListUntranslated(ctx, 3, 0)
+	missing, err := repo.ListMissingTranslation(ctx, "ru", 3, 0)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("list untranslated: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("list missing translation: %v", err)
 	}
-	if len(untranslated) != 3 {
+	if len(missing) != 3 {
-		t.Errorf("expected 3 results with limit=3, got %d", len(untranslated))
+		t.Errorf("expected 3 results with limit=3, got %d", len(missing))
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRecipeRepository_UpdateTranslation(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRecipeRepository_UpsertTranslation(t *testing.T) {
 	pool := testutil.SetupTestDB(t)
 	repo := NewRepository(pool)
 	ctx := context.Background()
@@ -196,40 +197,52 @@ func TestRecipeRepository_UpdateTranslation(t *testing.T) {
 
 	titleRu := "Курица Тикка Масала"
 	descRu := "Классическое индийское блюдо"
-	stepsRu := json.RawMessage(`[{"number":1,"description":"Heat oil","description_ru":"Разогрейте масло"}]`)
+	stepsRu := json.RawMessage(`[{"number":1,"description":"Разогрейте масло"}]`)
 
-	if err := repo.UpdateTranslation(ctx, saved.ID, &titleRu, &descRu, stepsRu); err != nil {
+	if err := repo.UpsertTranslation(ctx, saved.ID, "ru", &titleRu, &descRu, nil, stepsRu); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("update translation: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("upsert translation: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	got, err := repo.GetByID(ctx, saved.ID)
+	// Retrieve with Russian context — title and steps should be translated.
+	ruCtx := locale.WithLang(ctx, "ru")
+	got, err := repo.GetByID(ruCtx, saved.ID)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("get by id: %v", err)
 	}
-	if got.TitleRu == nil || *got.TitleRu != titleRu {
+	if got.Title != titleRu {
-		t.Errorf("expected title_ru=%q, got %v", titleRu, got.TitleRu)
+		t.Errorf("expected title=%q, got %q", titleRu, got.Title)
 	}
-	if got.DescriptionRu == nil || *got.DescriptionRu != descRu {
+	if got.Description == nil || *got.Description != descRu {
-		t.Errorf("expected description_ru=%q, got %v", descRu, got.DescriptionRu)
+		t.Errorf("expected description=%q, got %v", descRu, got.Description)
 	}
 
 	var steps []RecipeStep
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(got.Steps, &steps); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unmarshal steps: %v", err)
 	}
-	if len(steps) == 0 || steps[0].DescriptionRu == nil || *steps[0].DescriptionRu != "Разогрейте масло" {
+	if len(steps) == 0 || steps[0].Description != "Разогрейте масло" {
-		t.Errorf("expected description_ru in steps, got %v", steps)
+		t.Errorf("expected Russian step description, got %v", steps)
+	}
+
+	// Retrieve with English context — should return original English content.
+	enCtx := locale.WithLang(ctx, "en")
+	gotEn, err := repo.GetByID(enCtx, saved.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("get by id (en): %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotEn.Title != "Chicken Tikka Masala" {
+		t.Errorf("expected English title, got %q", gotEn.Title)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRecipeRepository_ListUntranslated_ExcludesTranslated(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRecipeRepository_ListMissingTranslation_ExcludesTranslated(t *testing.T) {
 	pool := testutil.SetupTestDB(t)
 	repo := NewRepository(pool)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	diff := "easy"
 
-	// Insert untranslated
+	// Insert untranslated recipes.
 	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
 		spID := 60000 + i
 		_, err := repo.Upsert(ctx, &Recipe{
@@ -246,7 +259,7 @@ func TestRecipeRepository_ListUntranslated_ExcludesTranslated(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Insert translated
+	// Insert one recipe and add a Russian translation.
 	spID := 60100
 	translated, err := repo.Upsert(ctx, &Recipe{
 		Source:        "spoonacular",
@@ -261,21 +274,21 @@ func TestRecipeRepository_ListUntranslated_ExcludesTranslated(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("upsert translated: %v", err)
 	}
 	titleRu := "Переведённый рецепт"
-	if err := repo.UpdateTranslation(ctx, translated.ID, &titleRu, nil, translated.Steps); err != nil {
+	if err := repo.UpsertTranslation(ctx, translated.ID, "ru", &titleRu, nil, nil, nil); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("update translation: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("upsert translation: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	untranslated, err := repo.ListUntranslated(ctx, 10, 0)
+	missing, err := repo.ListMissingTranslation(ctx, "ru", 10, 0)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("list untranslated: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("list missing translation: %v", err)
 	}
-	for _, r := range untranslated {
+	for _, r := range missing {
 		if r.Title == "Translated Recipe" {
-			t.Error("translated recipe should not appear in ListUntranslated")
+			t.Error("translated recipe should not appear in ListMissingTranslation")
 		}
 	}
-	if len(untranslated) < 3 {
+	if len(missing) < 3 {
-		t.Errorf("expected at least 3 untranslated, got %d", len(untranslated))
+		t.Errorf("expected at least 3 missing, got %d", len(missing))
 	}
 }
 

backend/internal/recognition/handler.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 type ingredientRepo interface {
 	FuzzyMatch(ctx context.Context, name string) (*ingredient.IngredientMapping, error)
 	Upsert(ctx context.Context, m *ingredient.IngredientMapping) (*ingredient.IngredientMapping, error)
+	UpsertTranslation(ctx context.Context, id, lang, name string, aliases json.RawMessage) error
 }
 
 // Handler handles POST /ai/* recognition endpoints.
@@ -218,7 +219,6 @@ func (h *Handler) saveClassification(ctx context.Context, c *gemini.IngredientCl
 
 	m := &ingredient.IngredientMapping{
 		CanonicalName:   c.CanonicalName,
-		CanonicalNameRu: &c.CanonicalNameRu,
 		Category:        strPtr(c.Category),
 		DefaultUnit:     strPtr(c.DefaultUnit),
 		CaloriesPer100g: c.CaloriesPer100g,
@@ -234,6 +234,13 @@ func (h *Handler) saveClassification(ctx context.Context, c *gemini.IngredientCl
 		slog.Warn("upsert classified ingredient", "name", c.CanonicalName, "err", err)
 		return nil
 	}
+
+	// Persist the Russian translation when Gemini provided one.
+	if c.CanonicalNameRu != "" {
+		if err := h.ingredientRepo.UpsertTranslation(ctx, saved.ID, "ru", c.CanonicalNameRu, json.RawMessage("[]")); err != nil {
+			slog.Warn("upsert ingredient translation", "id", saved.ID, "err", err)
+		}
+	}
 	return saved
 }
 

backend/internal/recommendation/handler.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/gemini"
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/middleware"
 	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/user"
 )
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ func (h *Handler) GetRecommendations(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	req := buildRecipeRequest(u, count)
+	req := buildRecipeRequest(u, count, locale.FromContext(r.Context()))
 
 	// Attach available products to personalise the prompt.
 	if products, err := h.productLister.ListForPrompt(r.Context(), userID); err == nil {
@@ -108,10 +109,11 @@ func (h *Handler) GetRecommendations(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, recipes)
 }
 
-func buildRecipeRequest(u *user.User, count int) gemini.RecipeRequest {
+func buildRecipeRequest(u *user.User, count int, lang string) gemini.RecipeRequest {
 	req := gemini.RecipeRequest{
 		Count:         count,
 		DailyCalories: 2000, // sensible default
+		Lang:          lang,
 	}
 
 	if u.Goal != nil {

backend/internal/savedrecipe/repository.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/food-ai/backend/internal/locale"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
 )
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 // ErrNotFound is returned when a saved recipe does not exist for the given user.
 var ErrNotFound = errors.New("saved recipe not found")
 
-// Repository handles persistence for saved recipes.
+// Repository handles persistence for saved recipes and their translations.
 type Repository struct {
 	pool *pgxpool.Pool
 }
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ func NewRepository(pool *pgxpool.Pool) *Repository {
 }
 
 // Save persists a recipe for userID and returns the stored record.
+// The canonical content (any language) is stored directly in saved_recipes.
 func (r *Repository) Save(ctx context.Context, userID string, req SaveRequest) (*SavedRecipe, error) {
 	const query = `
 		INSERT INTO saved_recipes (
@@ -61,16 +63,27 @@ func (r *Repository) Save(ctx context.Context, userID string, req SaveRequest) (
 }
 
 // List returns all saved recipes for userID ordered by saved_at DESC.
+// Text content (title, description, ingredients, steps) is resolved for the
+// language stored in ctx, falling back to the canonical content when no
+// translation exists.
 func (r *Repository) List(ctx context.Context, userID string) ([]*SavedRecipe, error) {
+	lang := locale.FromContext(ctx)
 	const query = `
-		SELECT id, user_id, title, description, cuisine, difficulty,
+		SELECT sr.id, sr.user_id,
-			prep_time_min, cook_time_min, servings, image_url,
+			COALESCE(srt.title,       sr.title)       AS title,
-			ingredients, steps, tags, nutrition, source, saved_at
+			COALESCE(srt.description, sr.description) AS description,
-		FROM saved_recipes
+			sr.cuisine, sr.difficulty,
-		WHERE user_id = $1
+			sr.prep_time_min, sr.cook_time_min, sr.servings, sr.image_url,
-		ORDER BY saved_at DESC`
+			COALESCE(srt.ingredients, sr.ingredients) AS ingredients,
+			COALESCE(srt.steps,       sr.steps)       AS steps,
+			sr.tags, sr.nutrition, sr.source, sr.saved_at
+		FROM saved_recipes sr
+		LEFT JOIN saved_recipe_translations srt
+		       ON srt.saved_recipe_id = sr.id AND srt.lang = $2
+		WHERE sr.user_id = $1
+		ORDER BY sr.saved_at DESC`
 
-	rows, err := r.pool.Query(ctx, query, userID)
+	rows, err := r.pool.Query(ctx, query, userID, lang)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list saved recipes: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -78,7 +91,7 @@ func (r *Repository) List(ctx context.Context, userID string) ([]*SavedRecipe, e
 
 	var result []*SavedRecipe
 	for rows.Next() {
-		rec, err := scanRows(rows)
+		rec, err := scanRow(rows)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("scan saved recipe: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -88,15 +101,24 @@ func (r *Repository) List(ctx context.Context, userID string) ([]*SavedRecipe, e
 }
 
 // GetByID returns the saved recipe with id for userID, or nil if not found.
+// Text content is resolved for the language stored in ctx.
 func (r *Repository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, userID, id string) (*SavedRecipe, error) {
+	lang := locale.FromContext(ctx)
 	const query = `
-		SELECT id, user_id, title, description, cuisine, difficulty,
+		SELECT sr.id, sr.user_id,
-			prep_time_min, cook_time_min, servings, image_url,
+			COALESCE(srt.title,       sr.title)       AS title,
-			ingredients, steps, tags, nutrition, source, saved_at
+			COALESCE(srt.description, sr.description) AS description,
-		FROM saved_recipes
+			sr.cuisine, sr.difficulty,
-		WHERE id = $1 AND user_id = $2`
+			sr.prep_time_min, sr.cook_time_min, sr.servings, sr.image_url,
+			COALESCE(srt.ingredients, sr.ingredients) AS ingredients,
+			COALESCE(srt.steps,       sr.steps)       AS steps,
+			sr.tags, sr.nutrition, sr.source, sr.saved_at
+		FROM saved_recipes sr
+		LEFT JOIN saved_recipe_translations srt
+		       ON srt.saved_recipe_id = sr.id AND srt.lang = $3
+		WHERE sr.id = $1 AND sr.user_id = $2`
 
-	rec, err := scanRow(r.pool.QueryRow(ctx, query, id, userID))
+	rec, err := scanRow(r.pool.QueryRow(ctx, query, id, userID, lang))
 	if errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -119,6 +141,29 @@ func (r *Repository) Delete(ctx context.Context, userID, id string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// UpsertTranslation inserts or replaces a translation for a saved recipe.
+func (r *Repository) UpsertTranslation(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	id, lang string,
+	title, description *string,
+	ingredients, steps json.RawMessage,
+) error {
+	const query = `
+		INSERT INTO saved_recipe_translations (saved_recipe_id, lang, title, description, ingredients, steps)
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)
+		ON CONFLICT (saved_recipe_id, lang) DO UPDATE SET
+			title        = EXCLUDED.title,
+			description  = EXCLUDED.description,
+			ingredients  = EXCLUDED.ingredients,
+			steps        = EXCLUDED.steps,
+			generated_at = now()`
+
+	if _, err := r.pool.Exec(ctx, query, id, lang, title, description, ingredients, steps); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("upsert saved recipe translation %s/%s: %w", id, lang, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // --- helpers ---
 
 type scannable interface {
@@ -146,11 +191,6 @@ func scanRow(s scannable) (*SavedRecipe, error) {
 	return &rec, nil
 }
 
-// scanRows wraps pgx.Rows to satisfy the scannable interface.
-func scanRows(rows pgx.Rows) (*SavedRecipe, error) {
-	return scanRow(rows)
-}
-
 func nullableStr(s string) *string {
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil

backend/internal/server/server.go

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ func NewRouter(
 	r.Use(middleware.Logging)
 	r.Use(middleware.Recovery)
 	r.Use(middleware.CORS(allowedOrigins))
+	r.Use(middleware.Language)
 
 	// Public
 	r.Get("/health", healthCheck(pool))

backend/migrations/009_create_translation_tables.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+-- +goose Up
+
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- recipe_translations
+-- Stores per-language overrides for the catalog recipe fields that contain
+-- human-readable text (title, description, ingredients list, step descriptions).
+-- The base `recipes` row always holds the English (canonical) content.
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+CREATE TABLE recipe_translations (
+    recipe_id   UUID        NOT NULL REFERENCES recipes(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    lang        VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
+    title       VARCHAR(500),
+    description TEXT,
+    ingredients JSONB,
+    steps       JSONB,
+    PRIMARY KEY (recipe_id, lang)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_recipe_translations_recipe_id ON recipe_translations (recipe_id);
+
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- saved_recipe_translations
+-- Stores per-language translations for user-saved (AI-generated) recipes.
+-- The base `saved_recipes` row always holds the English canonical content.
+-- Translations are generated on demand by the AI layer and recorded here.
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+CREATE TABLE saved_recipe_translations (
+    saved_recipe_id UUID        NOT NULL REFERENCES saved_recipes(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    lang            VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
+    title           VARCHAR(500),
+    description     TEXT,
+    ingredients     JSONB,
+    steps           JSONB,
+    generated_at    TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    PRIMARY KEY (saved_recipe_id, lang)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_saved_recipe_translations_recipe_id ON saved_recipe_translations (saved_recipe_id);
+
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- ingredient_translations
+-- Stores per-language names (and optional aliases) for ingredient mappings.
+-- The base `ingredient_mappings` row holds the English canonical name.
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+CREATE TABLE ingredient_translations (
+    ingredient_id UUID        NOT NULL REFERENCES ingredient_mappings(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    lang          VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
+    name          VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+    aliases       JSONB        NOT NULL DEFAULT '[]'::jsonb,
+    PRIMARY KEY (ingredient_id, lang)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_ingredient_translations_ingredient_id ON ingredient_translations (ingredient_id);
+
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Migrate existing Russian data from _ru columns into the translation tables.
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Recipe translations: title_ru / description_ru at the row level, plus the
+-- embedded name_ru / unit_ru fields inside the ingredients JSONB array, and
+-- description_ru inside the steps JSONB array.
+INSERT INTO recipe_translations (recipe_id, lang, title, description, ingredients, steps)
+SELECT
+    id,
+    'ru',
+    title_ru,
+    description_ru,
+    -- Rebuild ingredients array with Russian name/unit substituted in.
+    CASE
+        WHEN jsonb_array_length(ingredients) > 0 THEN (
+            SELECT COALESCE(
+                jsonb_agg(
+                    jsonb_build_object(
+                        'spoonacular_id', elem->>'spoonacular_id',
+                        'mapping_id',     elem->>'mapping_id',
+                        'name',           COALESCE(NULLIF(elem->>'name_ru', ''), elem->>'name'),
+                        'amount',         (elem->>'amount')::numeric,
+                        'unit',           COALESCE(NULLIF(elem->>'unit_ru', ''), elem->>'unit'),
+                        'optional',       (elem->>'optional')::boolean
+                    )
+                ),
+                '[]'::jsonb
+            )
+            FROM jsonb_array_elements(ingredients) AS elem
+        )
+        ELSE NULL
+    END,
+    -- Rebuild steps array with Russian description substituted in.
+    CASE
+        WHEN jsonb_array_length(steps) > 0 THEN (
+            SELECT COALESCE(
+                jsonb_agg(
+                    jsonb_build_object(
+                        'number',        (elem->>'number')::int,
+                        'description',   COALESCE(NULLIF(elem->>'description_ru', ''), elem->>'description'),
+                        'timer_seconds', elem->'timer_seconds',
+                        'image_url',     elem->>'image_url'
+                    )
+                ),
+                '[]'::jsonb
+            )
+            FROM jsonb_array_elements(steps) AS elem
+        )
+        ELSE NULL
+    END
+FROM recipes
+WHERE title_ru IS NOT NULL;
+
+-- Ingredient translations: canonical_name_ru.
+INSERT INTO ingredient_translations (ingredient_id, lang, name)
+SELECT id, 'ru', canonical_name_ru
+FROM   ingredient_mappings
+WHERE  canonical_name_ru IS NOT NULL;
+
+-- +goose Down
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ingredient_translations;
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS saved_recipe_translations;
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS recipe_translations;

backend/migrations/010_drop_ru_columns.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+-- +goose Up
+
+-- Drop the full-text search index that references the soon-to-be-removed
+-- title_ru column.
+DROP INDEX IF EXISTS idx_recipes_title_fts;
+
+-- Remove legacy _ru columns from recipes now that the data lives in
+-- recipe_translations (migration 009).
+ALTER TABLE recipes
+    DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS title_ru,
+    DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS description_ru;
+
+-- Remove the legacy Russian name column from ingredient_mappings.
+ALTER TABLE ingredient_mappings
+    DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS canonical_name_ru;
+
+-- Recreate the FTS index on the English title only.
+-- Cross-language search is now handled at the application level by querying
+-- the appropriate translation row.
+CREATE INDEX idx_recipes_title_fts ON recipes
+    USING GIN (to_tsvector('simple', coalesce(title, '')));
+
+-- +goose Down
+DROP INDEX IF EXISTS idx_recipes_title_fts;
+
+ALTER TABLE recipes
+    ADD COLUMN title_ru       VARCHAR(500),
+    ADD COLUMN description_ru TEXT;
+
+ALTER TABLE ingredient_mappings
+    ADD COLUMN canonical_name_ru VARCHAR(255);
+
+-- Restore the bilingual FTS index.
+CREATE INDEX idx_recipes_title_fts ON recipes
+    USING GIN (to_tsvector('simple',
+        coalesce(title_ru, '') || ' ' || coalesce(title, '')));